Showing posts with label discourse analysis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label discourse analysis. Show all posts

A dictator's discourse

A dictator's discourse



Each a dictator takes over in Pakistan, tries to introduce a package of innovative ideas and discourses which seem new and attractive for the time being. Among the dictators Gen.Musharraf used to publicly display his power and strength and would sometimes openly threaten (as in case of Bughti) people with his physical might. He tried to demonstrate himself as a man of nerve and the one who had the courage of his conviction. In his memoir he has made lengthy accounts of his feats and resilience. One of the striking tales is as under. 

In the FC college when he learnt how to make a bomb, he along with his few other fellows made one, and decided to give a scare to the warden with it.” A few days later Mr. Datta(the warden) got hold of one of my friends, Hameed, and asked him for the name of the boy behind the bombs. If he didn't reveal it, he was told, he would be either suspended or expelled. Hameed, who was from Hyderabad, Sindh, told me about the sword hanging over his head. I knew it would be unconscionable if he were punished so severely for something that I had done, so I told him to tell Mr. Datta the truth. He said that Pervez Musharraf was the culprit.”

He has tried to show that he was all the time ready to take responsibility for all his actions, and never sought scapegoat for his deeds. But all these claims were overshadowed when he was made to appear before the court of law and was asked to account for his unconstitutional acts. The ground realities seemed counter to all his claims he would use to make in the public and mention them in his memoir.

          He was never ready to shoulder the responsibility for what he had done when he was at the helm of the state’s affairs, but tried to drag other people into the whirlpool. He tried to involve the then officials of the civilian govermnet as well the whole institution of the military in the case. The claims of taking responsibility for his actions was never witnessed rather no effort was spared to seek exit from the country and finally it happened so. If we compare him with an elected civilian leader like Zulifiqar Bhutto, the real difference can noticed. He gladly endured the hours of imprisonment, and finally touched the gallows. He refused to seek the final mercy and also rejected offers of exiles. 



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The PTI's Discourse

The PTI's Discourse



It took many people by surprise when a veteran cricketer and ex-captain of Pakistan cricket team, Imran Khan formed a political party and announced his entry into practical politics. In the beginning his discourse was inclined towards the well being of the youth of the country, and the head of the PTI- Imran Khan could be witnessed seeking support from religious quarters. With the passage of time PTI diverted its attention towards the American drone attacks into Pakistani territory. Imran khan had been an arch critic of Pakistan’s foreign policy and accused Pakistani establishment for its tacit support to the American drone strikes. As the general election of 2013 drew nearer, PTI shifted its focus to social justice and anti corruption slogans in Pakistan, and plunged into the field with the said discourse.
In the after math of the 2013 election, PTI came forth with the allegations of rigging by the PML-N which had secured majority seats in the election. The surprising part of the discourse of rigging was that the areas wherein PTI had secured majority were declared free of rigging and the worst kind of rigging was allegedly done in the constituencies wherein PTI had got defeated.
PTI took to street politics and started a long sit-in the capital against the results of the election.  The essence of PTI’s discourse throughout the dharna remained:  Nawaz Sharif is the only rotten egg in the state of Pakistan, and that the PTI will at no cast call off its dharna unless it secures the resignation of the elected Prime Minister Nawaz Shairf. But it was called off after 126 days without achieving any of its objectives. PTI insisted on formation of a judicial inquiry commission to investigate into the matter which will definitely expose the rigging, the commission was formed to the utter satisfaction of PTI and all their misgivings were addressed. The commission came up with its 237 pages report, conclusion of which reads:

   The Commission is of the view that the PTI was not entirely
unjustified in requesting the establishment of a body to
inquire into its suspicions and allegations regarding the 2013
general elections. However after the recording of evidence and
carefully going through all the material placed on record the
Commission finds as under in respect of each TOR.
·         Taking into account all the evidence on record,
notwithstanding the shortcomings of the ECP as mentioned
earlier in this Report, the 2013 general elections were in large
part organized and conducted fairly and in accordance with
the law.
·         The plan or design to manipulate or influence the election
has not been disclosed with any degree of specification by any
of the parties to the proceedings nor is it discernible from the
material placed before the Commission. Allegations against
those allegedly involved in the plan/design also remained
unsubstantiated by the evidence on record
·         When the entire context of the elections are considered along
with the meaning of overall basis, despite some lapses by the
ECP it cannot be said on the evidence before the Commission that on an overall basis the elections were not a true and fair reflection of the mandate given by the electorate.
           
The essence of PTI’s discourse remained that wherever PTI won, fair election has been conducted, wherever it lost rigging had taken place.

PTI has been manifesting itself as an upholder of legality and staunch believer in the constitutional schemes of things, but in practice they work against their own discourse. PTI had declared its lack of confidence in the members of election commission of Pakistan and wanted them to resign from their posts. In order to achieve its objectives, they again took to streets, whereas redress of the same issue has already been enunciated in the constitution article 209. PTI was never witnessed making effort to make use of the constitutional provision.

PTI exhorted people for tax revolt, and wanted them not to pay tax to the government which was not legitimate in its view. PTI went a step further and exhorted people not to pay utility bills, and use the illegal Hundi system for cross border foreign exchange transactions.

Pakistan like the other developing countries has been subject to threats of militarydictatorships. People with democratic spirit are always out to ensure the continuity of democracy in the country and thwart any such bid which results into subverting of the will of the public. But PTI has its own discourse different form the rest of political entities. PTI has no problem with army entering into the terrains of politics if the army topples the PML-N led government. During its dharna one way or the other attempts were made to exhort the military to take reigns of the government and oust the elected prime minister. Frequently threatening the government with raising the umpire’s fingers, attacking every institution that symbolized civilian authority: parliament house, PTV centres etc.

Much to the chagrin of  the literate and democracy loving class of the world, came the statement of  Imran Khan on the Turkish turmoil. Military in the developing countries has been toppling civilian governments and installs dictatorship by force. But it was probably for the first time in the history of developing countries that the public came out in support of civvies against the military takeover in Turkey. The masses made unprecedented sacrifices of lives to safeguard their elected government against the military. Reaction of the Turkish people was widely commended by the people all around the world and tribute was paid to the spirit and sacrifices of the Turkish people. It were indeed a triumph of public will and a discouragement of any such bid which replaces public choice with force in ruling  them. Even at this hour of crisis Imran came up with a statement which even does not behove a lower level political worker, let alone head of a political party which deems itself fit for ruling the country. Mr.Imran said, “if military takes over government in Pakistan people will distribute sweets”, the same statement was dully endorsed and publicly paraphrased by one of the members of his coterie Sheikh Rasheed.

Mr.Imran defended his statement on the ground that people were not contented with the PML-N led government in Pakistan, and the government was terribly failed to deliver, and people had therefore grown discontented with it and ready to welcome dictatorship. He maintained that the Turkish president Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan had delivered well and it were due his popularity and public oriented policies that the people supported him against the military. Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan is widely known for his high-handedness in chalking out public policies. He is an ambitious political figure who is believed to have been harboring the idea of replacing the current quasi parliamentary political system with the presidential one. Fathullah Golan, the man who is believed to have  been behind the present plot in Turkey, was once the a close aides of the Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan ,but later due to differences on policy matters they parted their ways. Keeping in view all these factors Turkish public reaction cannot simply be termed as a manifestation of people’s love for Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan rather their love for democracy. Imran’s stance therefore holds no water.

PTI has been trying to take credit of democratic practices in his party- PTI, like intra party election,  freedom of expression and the right to question decisions of party members. But Mr.Imran khan in his recent speech to the disgruntled workers of his party said.” You have to accept the decision otherwise you have to two options with you: either to join other party or form your own party.”  This statement speaks volumes of democratic spirit of PTI.

The essence of PTI’s discourse can be summed up in the following words. Whatever PTI says and does is legal, just and fair, people minus PTI even if do a right thing but is against the will of PTI, is illegal and unfair. PTI is born to rule the country and has been blessed with honest, fair and capable leadership. If any single person on Pakistani soil deserves to be prime minister, he is head of the PTI.


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Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis



Introduction:
The passage reflects a plethora of socio-political and cultural problems prevalent especially in the patriarchal structure of societies: male dominated/domineering role in the family affairs/ discourse; restricting due freedom of women and even stifling their voice in discourses; man’s struggle to assert his own views even at the cost of cultural norms; man’s effort to construct his own regime of truth/power and secure a culturally accepted cover for his commands. Whereas on the other hand woman (Amna) raises feminist voice in the discourse and tries to assert her identity and challenge the man’s constructed regime of truth; the woman tries to highlight the social problems prevalent in families which the women are subjected to. Yet at the end of the discussion man (Amir) overpowers her and silences her voice, she obeys her order and let the status quo maintained.
A)  Socio-political problems:
Patriarchal structure of society is one of the problems reflected in the passage. Man is head both of economic and social life. Women are not supposed to act without seeking prior permission. Man’s authority is unquestioned even if it goes against the social standards/cultural norms. Amna had gone to enquire after the health of her classmate, which is a part of culture, ( it were my moral obligation to discover her well-being) but yet it was not tolerated by Amir only because the act was done by Amna without his consent.
Women are inferior to men and they are culturally bound to obey their husbands. It is also one of the social issues prevalent in our society. Women are treated as inferior creatures who are unable to lead their lives without interference by man. This view has crept into the edifice of culture and not only men but most of the women themselves adhere to it. Women are expected to follow the commands and dictation of their husbands/brothers/fathers even at the cost of rationality and fair play, violation of the said conduct/norm is rarely tolerated by the male section of society.
Woman’ voice/concern for her due rights is not tolerated and such acts amount to violation of social setup. Whenever she rises her voice, is stifled and dealt with severely, as Amir says, hold your tongue, your bitch! How dare you challenge my authority and position?
Women are barred from participating in the economic life as well. As Amir highlights her role, “just cooking and washing the clothes and utensils”. This has been the case in the conservatives segments of the society where women are kept confined to the household affairs only, they are denied participation in the economic affairs of the home.
The misinterpretation of the heavenly injunctions regarding women is also evident in the words of Amir.’ you must endure…God has bestowed us with genetic lottery’. It is a gross misinterpretation of the revealed injunctions, there is nothing of the kind of genetic superiority and inferiority in the commands of God. All human beings are equal, whereas women are given more privileged status over men. Man is ordained to take of her needs, which does not bestow right of superiority on men.
Negation of women’s voice is one of the social problems in our society. Amna when trying to show her stance is stifled by Amir, ‘don’t reason with me’ she hold her tongue and she is denied the chance to voice her conern.
B)   Research questions:
Having done a critical analysis of the passage, we can come up with the following questions.

·         Should man have control over all the aspects of woman’s life?

·         Should woman be denied her social life and moral/cultural obligations?


·         Is the unquestioned authority of man in social, economic and domestic affairs justified?

·         “Women are inferior and weaker gender”, is this a true interpretation of heavenly injunctions?

·         Is it a healthy development to confine woman only to domestic affairs, and the burden of economic life be borne by man alone?


































C)  Norman Fairclough (1989) critical discourse analysis:

1)      Description.
Vocabulary in the dialogue used by man is more authoritative, high sounding and harsh both in tone and tenor. Woman on the other hand uses softer tone, mild vocabulary and polite phrases to voice her concern. Man is more direct in his words in addressing the woman. The phrases which emphasize man dominance over women are more frequently used. Man’s utterances which reflect his domineering role in the domestic affairs and undermining that of the woman have been frequently repeated. The role of man and his importance in the society have been frequently highlighted whereas that of woman is undermined. The choice of the vocabulary and grammar by both the participants’ i.e Amir and Amna reflect domineering and oppressed roles in the discussion respectively.


2)      Interpretation:
The discussion highlights two main ideas/issues i.e man’s over dominated/domineering role in the domestic affairs and feminist voice. Man acts as a typical head of a patriarchal type of family. He tries to control the social and economic affarirs of the family. He commands his wife that he is in no way allowed to move and continue her social life without his permission. According to him women are not supposed to act in any way against the desires of their husbands. The husband, according to the man, is fully authorized to control the movement and actions of wife. The wife according to him should not have any desires, likes and dislikes, and she is under moral obligation to follow whatever commands come from her husband.  The man, being a representative of a conservative society, holds that women should be kept confined to houses and they have to do domestic chores and have no right to participate in the social and political affairs. He also by misinterpretation draws justification from the divinely injunctions that men have been empowered by Almighty, and is superior and desired gender. Women, according to him, are inferior and weaker genders they have no other role except following commands of their husbands and doing domestic chores.
The wife on the other hand stands for feminist stance. She holds that women must have their social lives as well.  She disregards all those cultural codes which restrict the due freedom of women. She stands for the rights of women that they should be allowed to visit their friends/relatives and have a say in the domestic and social life as well. She also highlights the plight of domestic women who endure a huge burden. They have not only to perform domestic chores and obey husbands, but also to attend to other members of husband’s family as well. Despite all these odds yet the wives obey commands of their husbands ( as she brings water at the end of the exchange of the arguments)
3)      Explanation:
The dialogue is the manifestation of the conservative domestic life. Where man has established his own regime of truth, that man is superior by all aspects and woman is inferior. Man alone is responsible for the earning and feeding the family, he is therefore within his rights to control all the aspects of family member’s lives. Woman’s participation in any event without her husband approval is disapproved, and similarly she is not allowed to have any job. She is even not allowed to speak in front of her husband, which is evident in the words of the husband who repeatedly silence her and make his own voice dominant in the discussion. It is this disposition of man that he throughout the discussion that he exerts power and denies identity to the woman.



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